A large rack of antlers on a buck is a fascinating creation to hunters and wildlife enthusiasts alike. One of the most identifiable characteristics of the Cervidae family, antlers are found on a number of species, from caribou, moose, elk, and deer. A effective deer management plan can influence factors that control antler growth, resulting in larger, more impressive racks in Lincoln County populations.
It is suspected that antlers developed for many purposes, many of which are tied to social hierarchy. The most popular theories state that antlers act as indicators of the overall health and genetic quality of a male deer to potential mates, and that antlers allow males to fight and establish dominance. Other theories include antlers acting as a visual cue to establish age-related dominance between males without the need to fight and acting as a weapon or defense against predators.
In deer, males are the only gender who consistently grow antlers. Sometimes female deer will develop them due to hormone imbalances, and other species, like caribou, may have antlers on both males and females. By 4 to 5 months of age, male deer develop “button” like projections on the pedicle of their skull. Antler development usually begins in late spring and is regulated by hormones and day length. During early antler development, they are covered in velvet and equipped with heavy blood supply, and are susceptible to damage. By August and September, the antlers mineralize or harden before shedding the velvet. During breeding season, males maintain their polished racks as they compete for dominance and the best females. Finally, the bone begins to de-mineralize, resulting in the shedding of antlers, typically from late December to early March.
Many factors affect the size and scope of antlers on a male deer, from age and nutrition to genetics. While antlers begin growing at 4 to 5 months of age, the deer does not maximize growth until 6 to 7 years of age. Nutrition is also critical for antler development, as it requires a lot of energy and protein. A difference of 8% and 16% protein at 4 years of age can cause a 20” difference in antler size. Mineral intake, while less studied, is also expected to impact antler growth. The last factor, and one we have less control over, is genetic makeup. Even a mature buck with excellent nutrition can only grow as large as it’s genetic potential. Genetics can affect size potential, antler composition, and shape, which is why you see a variation in size and spread of antlers in our area.
One last note to make is the management of male deer. Restrictions can be placed by state regulatory agencies or voluntarily by landowners or hunters. These may set a minimum criteria for harvest, such as number of points, size of spread, or antler score. Following these guidelines can protect young males as they mature into older, and larger bucks. Another technique is culling, or removing “inferior” males from the gene. Culling in a wild population is not an effective way of controlling deer genetics, however, it can be useful in reducing competition for food and improving nutrition for males with “ideal” racks.
If you have questions about managing your property for deer and other wildlife, let us know at uge3181@uga.edu or 706-359-3233.
